When we use a noun for special purpose (అన్ని పోటీ పరీక్షలకు..)

PARTS OF SPEECH

Words are classified according to their forms as parts of speech. The latest approach, however, is to go by their function they perform in a sentence. The following are the parts of speech:
1. Nouns
2. Verbs
3. Adjectives
4. Adverbs
5. Pronouns
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions /linking words
8. Interjections/exclamatory words

NOUN
1.1.A Noun is a naming word. It names a person (E.g. Ganesh, Radhika, Shankar), Place (E.g. Delhi, Mumbai, India, London), a thing (E.g. book, table, pen, glass), or an idea (E.g. democ racy, love, courage).
1.2. Classification of Nouns:
(a) Proper Nouns
(E.g. Abhijeet, Ash, Najma)
(b) Common Nouns
(E.g. boy, girl, city, river)
(c) Abstract Nouns (an idea, or experience e.g. honesty, wicked ness, love, kindness, health, sweetness)
(d) Collective Nouns (used for a number of persons or things taken together) e.g. police, class, club, government, crowd, flock, crew, mob, bunch.
(e) Material Noun (used for material gold, silver, steel, wood, iron)
1.3. Countable & Uncountable
All nouns, except proper nouns and material nouns, can be broadly classified into two- categories:
Countable and Uncountable. Only countable nouns have their plural forms, whereas uncounta ble nouns do not have.
A singular countable noun must have a/an before it;
e.g. a table, a boy, an apple, an umbrella …
Note: a) The NOUNS that are USED PLURAL only:
News, scissors, trousers, pants, spectacles, thanks, congratul ations, riches, alms, drawers, jeans, shorts, tights, pyjamas, vegetables, tongs, pantaloons, etc
b) The NOUNS that are USED singular only:
Draughts, Billiards, mumps, measles, rabies, athletics, aerobics, Genetics, linguistics, aeronautics etc
c) The NOUNS that are USED SIN GULAR & PLURAL without Adding an “S”:
Aristocracy, army, committee, Family, Flock, Government, Jury, Media, Public, staff, Team, Enemy etc
1.5. ZERO PLURALS :
Here the singular and plural forms are the same
(a) Animal words: Deer, sheep, fish, grouse, duck,
(b) Qualities & Substances : Intelligence, Food, Industry, Agriculture, Death etc..
(c) Subjects : Mathematics, Physics, Economics, etc..
(d) Measurement : 6 foot tall Tower, A Twenty Year old Man, , five dozen etc..

VERBS
2.1. CONCEPT & FUNCTIONS
A verb is a word that tells what the subject does, an occurrence or a state of being. This is why a verb is sometimes called a doing word.
e.g. play, take, go, want. These verbs tell you something about activities of their subjects.
2.2. KINDS OF VERBS
However, all kinds of verbs do not fit in this definition of a verb. We also have verbs called being and becoming verbs e.g. Neha is the principal of her friend’s school.
Be-Forms :is, am. are, was, were, has, have, had
Verbs are commonly classified into transitive and intransitive.
Examples:
1. He gave an interesting talk (transitive verb)
2. He was elected the leader of his party (transitive verb)
3. Dogs bark at night (intransitive verb)
4. My grandfather smoked (intran sitive verb)
5. My grandfather smokes hukka (transitive verb)
2.3. (i) Some verbs are transitive in one situation and intransitive in another. It is the use of a verb that decides whether a particular verb is transitive or intransitive. Since an action indicates time, a verb must have a tense indication. In other words it should indicate whether the action takes place now or at some time in the past e.g. play/played, write/wrote, buy/ bought. But note some verbs like ‘read’, ‘hit’, ‘cut’ do not change their forms. Their present and past forms are the same.
Examples:
1. The news announcers read from the screen. (present)
2. The news announcer read from the screen faultily yesterday. (past)
2.4. NON-FINITE VERBS:
Verbs which cannot make a state ment by themselves. These are: participle, gerund and infinite.
Examples:
1. Cutting vegetables, she cut her finger (participle)
2. Walking is a good exercise (gerund)
3. He went to his friend’s house to invite him to his birthday party (infinite)

ADJECTIVE
3.1. An adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a noun/a pronoun. It gives extra inform ation about the noun which qualifies or modifies e.g. long hair, interesting talk and many friends.
Adjectives are called describing words. An adjective can be used both attributively and predi catively. When an adjective is used before a noun to describe it is called the attributive use, and when we use it after the verb it is called the predicative use of the adjective.
3.2 Adjectives have three levels of comparison: (the basic adjective) positive, comparative and superlative. The compa rative is used to compare two things e.g. she is stronger than her sister. The superlative is used to compare three or more.
1. She is as beautiful as her sister (positive)
2. She is more beautiful than her sister (comparative)
3. She is the most beautiful girl in the school (superlative)
4. Hyderabad is one of the biggest cities in India (superlative)
3.3. Kinds: Adjectives indicate quality, quantity, number or demonstrative use
Examples:
1. Beautiful girl (quality)
2. Sufficient strength (quantity)
3. Many boys or ten articles (number)
4. This / that boy (demonstrative)
3.4. ARTICLES AND DETER MINERS
Determiners are used before a noun to determine its character i.e. how define or general that noun is, and whether it is singular or plural. The Articles (a/an and the) are the most common determines.
ARTICLES: Generally called demonstrative adjectives A/AN
We use a/an before a singular countable noun
‘A’ is used before words that begin with a consonant sound e.g. a pen, a book, a university, a European and ‘An’ before words that begin with a vowel sound e.g. an hour, an M.A, an umbrella, an orange, an heir, an Italian, an honest man.
We use ‘the’ to refer to things that are already known.
Examples:
1. We have bought a flat in Prince Apartments. The flat is superb (The flat was not known earlier, but now it is nown)
2. Look, there is a taxi over there (the taxi is not known)
The taxi is coming (The taxi is now known)
We also use ‘the’ when it is clear which person or thing we mean. E.g. what do you think of the meeting
Note: We use ‘the’ to talk about the part of the day. E.g. in the morning/afternoon /evening

ZERO ARTICLE
In generalizations, we use Zero article i.e. no article is used.
E.g.
1. Student union elections are financed by political parties.
2. Reading short stories is a good entertainment
We also use Zero article when we talk about meals, breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Examples:
1. What, did you have for dinner?
2. I don’t like tea or coffee at breakfast
Note: However, when we talk about some formal lunch or dinner we can use ‘the’
E.g.
We are having the dinner to welcome our new President.

OTHER DETERMINERS LIKE SOME AND ANY
‘Some’ and ‘any’ are used with uncountable nouns. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentence (sen tences which are not negative) whereas any is used to refer to a negative meaning or also to express doubt.
E.g.
1. There are some suggestions for the committee to consider (affirmative statement)
2. Is there any milk in the bottle?
3. You can’t find any mistake in his account book. (Negative meaning)

SPECIAL USES OF ARTICLES
1.We use ‘the’ before a noun that is unique
e.g. the sun, the moon, the sky
2. to refer to oceans and rivers;
e.g. the Atlantic, the Indian ocean, the Pacific, the bay of Bengal,
3. to refer to the mountain ranges and islands.
e.g. the Himalayas, the Aravalis, the Andaman Nicobar islands
4. When an adjective is used as a plural noun;
e.g. the rich, the poor, the needy, the bold
5. Before comparative and superlative Adjectives
e.g. the best, the most popular actor, the higher, the cooler.
6. When we use a noun for special purpose:
e.g. a) He went to the court to meet his friend.
b) I went to the school to meet my son’s class teacher.
7. When we use ordinal number (i.e. the number that indicates the order)
e.g. the first person, the last person

B.Vivekananda
Sr. Faculty
Hyderabad, 9912343401