‘Were’ is used when the wish seems to be …?

16. Will or Shall cannot be used twice in the same sentence even if both the actions refer to the future tense

E.g. : a) I shall come if he will call me (Wrong)
b) I shall come if he calls me (Right)

17. With the phrases as if and as though past tense and plural form of the verb should be used.

E.g. : a) He behaves as if he is a king (Wrong)
b) He behaves as if he were a king (Right)

18. With the word ‘wish’ four verbs are used namely were, had, could and would. ‘Were’ is used when the wish seems to be unrealizable.
E.g. : I wish I were a king.
‘Had’ is used when our wish is a lament over the past happening.
E.g. : I wish I had accepted that job.
‘Would’ is used when we refer to the future.
E.g. : I wish I would get a ticket.
‘Could’ is used when we wish that something that has happened already should have happened otherwise.
E.g. : He did not go because he was busy yesterday. I wish he could go with you

19. ‘For’ is used for a period of time.

E.g. : He has been working for two hours. ‘Since’ is used with a point of time
E.g. : He has been working since morning
20. In case of conditional sentences ‘had’ and ‘would have’ are used.
E.g. : If I had met him I would have invited him.

RECAP = DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech:
– Reporting the exact words of a speaker
Example: Manish says, “she is very honest”.
NOTE: Direct Speech always comes under inverted Commas (“ ”)

Indirect Speech:
– If a sentence is changed by some person with set of rules and presented is called indirect speech.
Example: Manish says that she is very honest.
NOTE: Indirect Speech does not come under inverted Commas (“ ”)

l Following Set Of Rules Are Used While Converting Direct To Indirect Speech:
1. Commas are removed from direct speech and ‘that ‘is used as conjunction while converting direct to indirect speech.

2. Subject are changed according to persons as shown below:
1st person (I, we) >>>>>according to subject
2nd person (you)>>>>>>>according to object
3rd person (he, she, they, it)>>>>No change
Examples:
– She says,” I work hard”.
-She says that she works hard. (Indirect Speech)
– In above sentence ‘I’ has been changed in ‘She’ according to subject.
– He tells me that he works hard. (Indirect Speech)
-He says to me, “He works hard.”
– In above sentence ‘he’ is 3rd person and no change.

– Few Things to Note:
1. ‘Says to ‘ changes to ‘tells’ and ‘said to ‘ changes to ‘told’.
2. Object need to come after tell, told, requested, ordered and forbade.
3. If sentence is in ‘present or future tense’ then no need to change tense of indirect speech.
Examples: Ravi Says,” It’s raining.”
– Ravi says that it’s raining (Indirect Speech)
-While changing direct to indirect speech, Following is change in tense:
1. Present Tense:
1. Simple Present is changed into Simple Past i.e.’ Do/Does’ will be converted into ‘Did’.
2. Present Continuous is changed into Past continuous i.e. is/am/are is converted into was/were.
3. Present Perfect /Present Perfect continuous is changed into Past Perfect/Past Perfect Continuous.
i.e. has /have is converted into ‘had’.

2. Past Tense:
1. Simple Past is changed into Past Perfect i.e. did is converted into Had+Verb 3
2. Past Continuous is changed into Past perfect Continuous i.e. was /were is converted into had been

3. Past Perfect /Past Perfect Continuous: NO Change

3. Special Cases:

– If Reporting verb is in past and Speech is ‘Idiom / Phrases/ universal Truth/Any historical facts then No need to change tense of reported speech.
Example:
– Manoj Said, “The Sun rises in the East.”
-Manoj Said that the Sun rises in the East. (Indirect Speech)
-Will → Would, Shall→ Should, May→Might,Can →could
-today→that day,tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the previous day,tonight→that night,
– Last→previous,here→there,this →that,these →those,ago
→before,now→then
Examples:
– The teacher Said to the student,” why were you absent yesterday?
– The teacher asked student why he has been absent the previous day. (Indirect Speech)

RECAP = QUESTION TAGS

A question tag is a short question that is tagged to a statement. In other words, question tag is preceded by a statement. Question tags are used to get the statement confirmed. The most important rule of a question tag is that if the statement is affirmative, the question tag is negative and vice versa. In other words, a positive statement will be followed by a negative question tag and a negative statement will be followed by a positive question tag. Usually shortened forms of negatives, for example, ‘hasn’t’, ‘aren’t’ are used.
Example, “We are ashamed of him, aren’t we”? In this, “aren’t we” is question tag.
1. Cricket is more popular today, _________?
2. Every action has an opposite reaction, ______?
3. I am a student of Pinnacle, ____?
4. I had a bad headache yesterday, __________?
5. It is an important matter, __________?
6. I am happy, _______?
7. The jury gave different opinions, _______?
8. The kid is crying, _______?
9. It was a terrible accident, _____?
10. We must eat vegetables, ____?
11. Love the poor, _______?
12. I am taking tea, _______?
13. We should love country, _____?
14. Everything was alright, _____?
15. We were warned of the danger, _____?
16. I am innocent, _______?
17. Neither of them were responsible, _____?
18. Man is mortal, _______?
19. I am tired, _______?
20. Either you or your brother came here, __________?
21. Frankel cast his magic spell in the laboratory, _____?
22. Nobody cheated in the exam, _?
23. Ice touches cold, _______?
24. Nobody dared to do it _______?
25. It is an important matter, _____?
26. Nobody believes you, _______?
27. Somebody will say so, _______?
28. It hardly rains during the dry __?
29. There are many mistakes in his composition,________?
30. It is easy to say, _______?
31. There are some problems here, ____?
32. There is a little water in the pot, ____?
33. It is quite a big garden, _____?
34. There are six seasons in Bangladesh, ________?
35. There has been an accident, ___?
36. She needs to buy a pen, _____?
37. Nobody believes a liar, _____?
38. One of the legs of the table has been broken, ___?
39. She has been fasting, _______?
40. The poor are born to suffer, ___?
41. Someone went there, _______?
42. Sultan thanked the Quazi, ____?
43. Nobody called me, ________?
44. Nobody came, ________?
45. Hasan earned very little money, __________?
46. The baby is innocent, _______?
47. To err is human __________?
48. We had better discuss something else, __________?
49. The baby is playing, _______?
50. It was a good tiffin, _______?
51. Grandmother can tell good stories, __________?
52. Nothing is impossible in this world, __________?
53. The book is rare now, _______?
54. The fishermen catch fishes, ___?
55. She is happy, _______?
56. She does not like bad films, ___?
57. She has never visited the Taj Mahal, __________?
58. You are not my friend, _______?
59. He sat by me, __________?
60. Kindly do a favour, _______?
61. Let a sleeping dog sleep, _____?
62. Let her come in, __________?
63. She is pretty, _______?
64. Tareq came from Gazipur, ____?
65. Nothing can satisfy him, _____?
66. Hasan put the book on his reading table, _______?
67. You need not depend on others, ____?
68. Blind men cannot see anything, ____?
69. We should love country, _____?
70. You dare not drive at night, ___?
71. You must do it, __________?
72. Blind men can’t read, _______?
73. Don’t boil rice, __________?
74. Get out, __________?
75. Give me a glass of water, _____?
76. Let us go home, __________?
77. Let us go out for a walk, _____?
78. Let us have a cup of tea, _____?
79. Nothing can concern you, ____?
80. He has a few friends, ________?
81. Don’t bother him, __________?
82. He has little idea about it, ____?
83. Nothing can help you now, ___?
84. Close the window, __________?
85. Come and see me again, _____?
86. Do sit down, __________?
87. There is little water in the jar, __?
88. Don’t be late, __________?
89. My friends and I hardly go there, ________?
90. My friends hardly come here, _?
91. He hardly realizes it, ________?
92. How sweetly the bird sings, ___?
93. He hardly studies, ________?
94. Grandmother can tell good stories, __?
95. Her mother couldn’t walk,____?
96. Laila knows you, ________?
97. How nicely she writes, _____?
98. Pinnacle conducts classes early in the morning________?
99. We are your well wishers____?

RECAP=DEGREES OF COMPARISON

– Sometimes we compare the qual- ity of a particular noun to that of another particular Noun. This is called Degrees of comparison
– There are three kinds of Degrees of Comparison in English. They are
1. Superlative Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Positive Degree

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

-When the comparison is among more than two Nouns, the adjec- tive is said to be in Superlative Degree
Ex. 1. Kolkata is the largest city in India.
2. Kashmir is the most beautiful place in our country.
l In Superlative Degree ‘est’ is added to the adjective.
Ex. Highest, tallest, richest

 

B.Vivekananda
Sr. Faculty
Hyderabad, 9912343401