Demonstrative pronouns are used to? (TS TET Special)

June 6, 2022 / 01:29 PM IST

PARTS OF SPEECH

2. VERB
2.1 CONCEPT & FUNCTIONS
A verb is a word that tells what the subject does, an occurrence or a state of being. This is why a verb is sometimes called a doing word.
e.g. play, take, go, want. These verbs tell you something about activities of their subjects.
2.2 KINDS OF VERBS
However, all kinds of verbs do not fit in this definition of a verb. We also have verbs called being and becoming verbs e.g. Neha is the principal of her friend’s school.
Be-Forms: is, am. are, was, were, has, have, had
Verbs are commonly classified into transitive and intransitive.
Examples:
1. He gave an interesting talk
(transitive verb)
2. He was elected the leader of his
party (transitive verb)
3. Dogs bark at night
(intransitive verb)
4. My grandfather smoked
(intransitive verb)
5. My grandfather smokes hukka
(transitive verb)
2.3.
(i) Some verbs are transitive in one situation and intransitive in another. It is the use of a verb that decides whether a particular verb is transitive or intransitive. Since an action indicates time, a verb must have a tense indication. In other words it should indicate whether the action takes place now or at some time in the past e.g. play/played, write/wrote, buy/ bought. But note some verbs like ‘read’, ‘hit’, ‘cut’ do not change their forms. Their present and past forms are the same.
Examples:
1.The news announcers read from the screen. (present)
2.The news announcer read from the screen faultily yesterday. (past)
2.4 NON-FINITE VERBS
Verbs which cannot make a state ment by themselves. These are: participle, gerund and infinite.
Examples:
1. Cutting vegetables, she cut her finger (participle)
2. Walking is a good exercise (gerund)
3. He went to his friend’s house to invite him to his birthday party (infinite)

3. ADJECTIVE
3.1 An adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a noun/a pronoun. It gives extra infor mation about the noun which qualifies or modifies.
e.g. long hair, interesting talk and many friends.
Adjectives are called describing words. An adjective can be used both attributively and predicat ively. When an adjective is used before a noun to describe it is called the attributive use, and when we use it after the verb it is called the predicative use of the adjective.
3.2 Adjectives have three levels of comparison:
(the basic adjec tive) positive, comparative and superlative. The comparative is used to compare two things e.g. she is stronger than her sister. The superlative is used to compare three or more.
1. She is as beautiful as her sister (positive)
2. She is more beautiful than her sister (comparative)
3. She is the most beautiful girl in the school (superlative)
4. Hyderabad is one of the biggest cities in India (superlative)
3.3 Kinds: Adjectives indicate qual ity, quantity, number or demon strative use
Examples:
1. Beautiful girl (quality)
2. Sufficient strength (quantity)
3. Many boys or ten articles (number)
4. This / that boy (demonstrative)
3.4 ARTICLES AND DETERMINERS
Determiners are used before a noun to determine its character i.e. how define or general that noun is, and whether it is singular or plural. The Articles (a/an and the) are the most common determines.
ARTICLES: Generally called demo nstrative adjectives A/AN
We use a/an before a singular countable noun ‘A’ is used before words that begin with a consonant sound e.g. a pen, a book, a university, a European and ‘An’ before words that begin with a vowel sound e.g. an hour, an M.A, an umbrella, an orange, an heir, an Italian, an honest man.

THE
We use ‘the’ to refer to things that are already known.
Examples:
1. We have bought a flat in Prince Apartments. The flat is superb (The flat was not known earlier, but now it is known)
2. Look, there is a taxi over there (the taxi is not known)
The taxi is coming (The taxi is now known)
l We also use ‘the’ when it is clear which person or thing we mean. E.g. what do you think of the meeting
Note: We use ‘the’ to talk about the part of the day. E.g. in the morning/afternoon /evening

ZERO ARTICLE
l In generalizations, we use Zero article i.e. no article is used.
E.g.
1. Student union elections are financed by political parties.
2. Reading short stories is a good entertainment
l We also use Zero article when we talk about meals, breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Examples:
1. What, did you have for dinner?
2. I don’t like tea or coffee at breakfast
Note: However, when we talk about some formal lunch or dinner we can use ‘the’
E.g.
l We are having the dinner to welcome our new President.

OTHER DETERMINERS LIKE ‘SOME’ and ‘ANY’
l ‘Some’ and ‘any’ are used with uncountable nouns. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentence (sentences which are not negative) whereas any is used to refer to a negative meaning or also to express doubt.
E.g.
1. There are some suggestions for the committee to consider (affirmative statement)
2. Is there any milk in the bottle?
3. You can’t find any mistake in his account book. (Negative meaning)

SPECIAL USE OF ARTICLES
1. We use ‘the’ before a noun that is unique
e.g. the sun, the moon, the sky
2. to refer to oceans and rivers;
e.g. the Atlantic, the Indian ocean, the Pacific, the bay of Bengal,
3. to refer to the mountain ranges and islands.
e.g. the Himalayas, the Araavalis, the Andaman Nicobar islands
4. When an adjective is used as a plural noun;
e.g. the rich, the poor, the needy, the bold
5. Before comparative and superlative Adjectives
e.g. the best, the most popular actor, the higher, the cooler.
6. When we use a noun for special purpose:
e.g. a) He went to the court to meet his friend.
b) I went to the school to meet my son’s class teacher.
7. When we use ordinal number (i.e. the number that indicates the order)

4. ADVERB
e.g. the first person, the last person
4.1 Adverb is a word that adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb. (It tells, how, when and where something is done).
Examples:
1. She dressed up carelessly. (ans wers ‘how’?)
2. The police looked for the thief everywhere (answers what place?)
3. She reported for duty immedi ately (answers what time?)
4.2.Kinds of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of Manner
E.g. The girl ran fast.
2. Adverbs of Time
E.g. My mother leaves for work place early.
3. Adverbs of Place
E.g. She moved forward.
4. Adverbs of Degree
E.g. The tea is quite hot.
(quite, entirely, almost, extremely, ready – are Adverbs of degree)
4.3. Placement of Adverbs
A. It is placed before a finite verb.
Examples:
1.He always speaks the truth.
2. My father never lies.
3. My mother seldom criticizes my father.
4. Sometimes it is placed after finite verbs.
Examples:
1. He speaks French effectively.
2. Our team played hockey defen sively.
3. She speaks English fluently.
NOTE:
l Some adverbs do not end with ‘ly’
Examples: today, here, there, always, soon, ever, too, so, away, yet, hard

5. PRONOUN
5.1 Pronoun is a word used in the place of noun.
E.g. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. He had his education at Harvard in England.
5.2. Kinds of pronouns
(i) Personal pronouns are used for persons. The persons may be the person speaking, or the person spoken to, or the person spoken about.
Examples: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, mine, your, yours, his, her, its, their, theirs, me, us, them, him.
(ii) Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out some object like : this, these, that, those
Examples:
1. This is my drawing room.
2. These are my books.
3. That is my house.
4. Those are my pens.
(iii) Reflexive pronouns end in ‘self’/ ‘selves’ like: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Examples:
1. She wrote herself.
2. I myself cook I don’t need anybody’s help.
3. They themselves painted their home.